Pratyusha Tatavarthi, Prabhakar Singh, Vignesh Gandu, Dewanshi Dahake, Adarsh Reddy Vangala, Keerthi Katam

Abstract: The objective of this study is to assess the indoor air quality and inhalation exposure risk during the use of perfumes. The air quality parameters, such as Formaldehyde (HCHO), particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), ozone (O3), and air quality index (AQI), are measured indoors after spraying perfumes. The average values of thirteen perfumes after spraying three times are as follows: PM2.5 concentration is 97.2 µg/m³, HCHO level is 3.7 ppm, and CO2 concentration is 526.6 ppm. The TVOC stands at 5.18 ppm, while the AQI is 210. Additionally, the PM10 level is 68.8 µg/m³, CO (carbon monoxide) is at 11.15 ppm, O3 (ozone) is measured at 0.69 ppm, and PM1.0 is 30.96 µg/m³. These readings signify high concentrations of different pollutants emitted into the air, which may contribute to indoor air contamination and health effects upon frequent exposure. The high concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 may lead to respiratory discomfort, such as asthma and impaired lung function. HCHO induces irritation in the eyes, nose, and throat, and long-term exposure can result in aggravated respiratory conditions. The presence of high TVOC levels can cause headaches, dizziness, etc. High levels of CO can hinder the process of oxygen supply in the body, which can result in cardiovascular problems. The research identifies a high possible carcinogenic hazard related to the use of the perfumes tested, as indicated by HQ values greater than 1 for formaldehyde. These results emphasize the need for regulation and surveillance of fragrance ingredients in order to maintain consumer safety.

Keywords: HCA, PCA, pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, Water quality

Date Published: October 17, 2025
DOI: 10.11159/ijepr.2025.006

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